Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
Records 1-4 (of 4 Records) |
Query Trace: Schober S[original query] |
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The relationship between physical activity and diet and young children's cognitive development: A systematic review
Tandon PS , Tovar A , Jayasuriya AT , Welker E , Schober DJ , Copeland K , Dev DA , Murriel AL , Amso D , Ward DS . Prev Med Rep 2016 3 379-90 OBJECTIVE: Given the high prevalence of suboptimal nutrition and low activity levels in children, we systematically reviewed the literature on the relationship between physical activity and dietary patterns and cognitive development in early childhood (six months to five years). METHODS: In February 2016, we conducted two different searches of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and ERIC. Each search included either physical activity (including gross motor skills) or diet terms, and neurocognitive development outcome terms. Included studies were in English, published since 2005, and of any study design in which the physical activity or diet measure occurred prior to age five. RESULTS: For physical activity, twelve studies (5 cross-sectional, 3 longitudinal and 4 experimental) were included. Eleven studies reported evidence suggesting that physical activity or gross motor skills are related to cognition or learning. Both acute bouts and longer term exposures showed benefit. For diet, eight studies were included consisting of secondary analyses from longitudinal cohort studies. A healthier dietary pattern was associated with better cognitive outcomes in all studies, although some of the reported associations were weak and the measures used varied across the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity and healthy diets in early childhood are associated with better cognitive outcomes in young children. The paucity of literature and the variability in the type and quality of measures used highlight the need for more rigorous research. Given that the early childhood years are critical for both obesity prevention and neurocognitive development, evidence that the same healthy behaviors could promote both should inform future interventions. |
An empirical case study of a child sexual abuse prevention initiative in Georgia
Schober DJ , Fawcett SB , Thigpen S , Curtis A , Wright R . Health Educ J 2012 71 (3) 291-298 OBJECTIVE: This empirical case study describes Prevent Child Abuse Georgia's effort to prevent child sexual abuse (CSA) by educating communities throughout the state on supporting preventive behaviour. The initiative consisted of three major components: (1) dissemination of CSA prevention messages and materials; (2) a statewide helpline that helped callers respond to the warning signs of CSA and engage in protective behaviours; and (3) a statewide education and training programme. DESIGN: An empirical case study design was used. SETTING: This prevention initiative took place across the state of Georgia. METHOD: Archival records kept by Prevent Child Abuse Georgia were reviewed to determine the outputs of this statewide effort. Additionally, the annual incidence of child sexual abuse substantiated by the Georgia Department of Human Resources (cases per 100,000 children < 18 years of age) was calculated to examine changes in the broader context of Prevent Child Abuse Georgia's statewide CSA prevention effort (from 1997-2007). RESULTS: Results show that Prevent Child Abuse Georgia provided 232,822 informational materials to Georgia residents, assisted 1,271 helpline callers to support responses to the warning signs of CSA, and trained 7,700 individuals. According to records from the Georgia Department of Human Services, from 2002-7, the incidence of child sexual abuse decreased four of the five years of the implementation period. CONCLUSION: This empirical case study describes the steps a statewide effort can take to promote the primary prevention of CSA. Prevent Child Abuse Georgia engaged in a variety of activities to educate the public, increase CSA prevention knowledge, and promote preventive behaviour. (The Author(s) 2011.) |
National surveillance definitions for hypertension prevalence and control among adults
Crim MT , Yoon SS , Ortiz E , Wall HK , Schober S , Gillespie C , Sorlie P , Keenan N , Labarthe D , Hong Y . Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2012 5 (3) 343-51 BACKGROUND: Clear and consistent definitions of hypertension and hypertension control are crucial to guide diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance. A variety of surveillance definitions are in frequent use, resulting in variation of reported hypertension prevalence and control, even when based on the same data set. METHODS AND RESULTS: To assess the variety of published surveillance definitions and rates, we performed a literature search for studies and reports that used National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) data from at least as recent as the 2003 to 2004 survey cycle. We identified 19 studies that used various criteria for defining hypertension and hypertension control, as well as different parameters for age adjustment and inclusion of subpopulations. This resulted in variation of reported age-standardized hypertension prevalence from 28.9% to 32.1% and hypertension control from 35.1% to 64%. We then assessed the effects of varying the definitions of hypertension and hypertension control, parameters for age adjustment, and inclusion of subpopulations on NHANES data from both 2007 to 2008 (n=5645) and 2005 to 2008 (n=10 365). We propose standard surveillance definitions and age-adjustment parameters for hypertension and hypertension control. By using our recommended approach with NHANES 2007 to 2008 data, the age-standardized prevalence of hypertension in the United States was 29.8% (SE, 0.62%) and the rate of hypertension control was 45.8% (SE, 4.03%). CONCLUSIONS: Surveillance definitions of hypertension and hypertension control vary in the literature. We present standard definitions of hypertension prevalence and control among adults and standard parameters for age-adjustment and population composition that will enable meaningful population comparisons and monitoring of trends. |
Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure among children and adolescents: United States, 2003-2006
Marano C , Schober SE , Brody DJ , Zhang C . Pediatrics 2009 124 (5) 1299-305 OBJECTIVE: The implementation of policies that prohibit tobacco smoking in public places has resulted in a significant reduction in secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in the US population; however, such policies do not extend to private homes, where children continue to be exposed. Our objective was to assess SHS exposure among US children and adolescents by using serum cotinine measures to compare those who were exposed to SHS in the home and those without home exposure. METHODS: We analyzed serum cotinine data from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 5518 children (3-11 years) and nonsmoking adolescents (12-19 years). We calculated geometric mean serum cotinine levels by sociodemographic and household characteristics according to self-reported home SHS exposure. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate independent predictors of serum cotinine levels. RESULTS: Geometric mean serum cotinine levels were 1.05 ng/mL among those with home SHS exposure and 0.05 ng/mL among those without home exposure. Among children who were exposed to SHS at home, serum cotinine levels were inversely associated with age and were similar for non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white children. Conversely, among children without SHS exposure at home, serum cotinine levels were higher among non-Hispanic black compared with non-Hispanic white children, and there was no relationship with age. Mexican American children had the lowest level of SHS exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Serum cotinine levels were an order of magnitude higher among children with reported SHS exposure at home compared with those with no exposure in the home. |
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